Asthma inhalers: what they do and how to use them

If you or someone you care for uses an asthma inhaler, the basics matter more than you think. Different inhalers do different jobs — some stop attacks fast, others prevent symptoms over weeks. Using the right device correctly can cut flare-ups, lower steroid dose needs, and keep you active.

Types of asthma inhalers

Reliever (or rescue) inhalers — usually called short-acting beta-agonists (SABA), like albuterol — give fast relief when wheezing or breathless. Keep one handy for sudden symptoms but don’t rely on them alone if you need them often.

Preventer inhalers contain inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) such as budesonide or fluticasone. They reduce airway inflammation and cut the chance of attacks when used daily. You won’t feel them work immediately, but over weeks they reduce symptoms and steroid-related risks.

Combination inhalers mix an inhaled steroid with a long-acting bronchodilator (LABA). These are useful when single preventers don’t control symptoms well. Your doctor may prefer this for longer-term control.

Dry powder inhalers (DPI) and pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDI) are common devices. DPIs need a strong, quick breath in; pMDIs need coordination or a spacer. There are also soft-mist inhalers and, for severe cases, nebulizers that turn medicine into a fine mist.

How to use your inhaler right — simple steps

First, know which type you have. For pMDIs: shake, breathe out, put the mouthpiece between your lips, press once while breathing in slowly, hold your breath 5–10 seconds, then breathe out. For DPIs: load dose, breathe out away from the device, place mouthpiece, inhale quickly and deeply, then hold your breath. Always follow the device’s instructions.

If you struggle with timing on a pMDI, use a spacer. A spacer catches the spray so you can inhale it more easily — less medicine lands in the mouth and more reaches the lungs.

Check your inhaler regularly: count doses if it has no counter, look for expiry dates, and clean the mouthpiece once a week. Replace the inhaler if the spray feels weak or empty.

A few quick safety notes: inhaled steroids can cause hoarseness and thrush — rinse your mouth after use. Relievers can cause a fast heartbeat or jittery feeling; if that happens often, talk to your doctor. Never share prescription inhalers.

Want better control? Track how often you need your reliever. Needing it more than twice a week (excluding exercise prevention) is a sign your asthma isn’t well controlled and you should see your clinician. An asthma action plan helps you know when to step up treatment or seek help.

If you’re unsure which inhaler fits your life, ask for a demonstration at your clinic or pharmacy. A five-minute check of technique often prevents months of poor control. Small changes in device choice or technique can make a big difference to how you breathe.